TOPPING:

Reduction of tree size using intermodal cuts without regard to tree health or structural integrity.

Topping is not an acceptable pruning practice.

HAT RACKING:

The severe act of pruning a tree by reducing the length of branches, lowering the tree height, stubbing or removing foliage so that the tree resembles a hat or coat rack.

Hat racking is not an acceptable pruning practice.

LION'S TAILING:

The removal of an excessive number of inner and/or lower lateral branches from parent branches.

Lion’s tailing is not an acceptable pruning practice.